One Woman Is on Death Row in Kentucky

Identifying Subconscious Visual Response From Brain Signal

Identifying Subconscious Visual Response from Brain Signal Bhuyain, Md. Jahangir Hossain ID:14-26407-1 American International University Bangladesh jahangir407@outlook.com Abstract. In our life time all of the things we do, see or listen, save in our subconscious mind. And retinal response from subconscious mind is one of the ways to retrieve data from the subconscious memory. But it is difficult to identify the correct subconscious trigger which causes the retinal response. (It may response by outsource like light, air, sound etc.). With these subconscious response many important application can be built such as rapid search, analysis human behavior after all it changes the human communication system. Though it has a great significant on our life but there is still lack of knowledge, resource and technologies. There is limited research on this topic. . 1 Introduction Subconscious mind is like a huge memory bank of virtually unlimited capacity. The function of subconscious mind is to store and retrieve data. Its job is to ensure that we respond exactly the way we are programmed. Your conscious mind commands and your subconscious mind obeys [9]. On the other hand, we are considering the eye to be the origin of visual perception, but are generally unaware that almost all of our body systems are regulated in some way by what we see around us subconsciously. There are also specialized pathways from the retina that regulate hormone secretion, our body clock and many otherShow MoreRelatedNeuromarketing3288 Words   |  14 PagesWithin the skull lies the most complex organ known to mankind -- the human brain. With a mass of only 6 kilograms, the brain contains over 100 billion living cells and 1 million kilometers of interconnecting fibers; but, exactly how does it function? Marketing and sales managers would love to know why consumers are attracted to certain advertising, packaging and brands. 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The American System of Government Free Essays

Chapter 4 We – the People Dividing Power: The American System of Government The Basics †¢Americans have distrusted any concentration of political power ever since its founding †¢American form of government was written down in a Constitution o1787, after thirteen colonies gained independence from Great Britain †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tyranny† of King George III – the Americans wanted to make sure no person was allowed to have too much power †¢Representative democracy Elected representatives who could be regularly shifted out oPower rested with the people †¢Federal system oIndividual states which give only certain specific powers to a central government oFederalism †¢The separation of powers oDivided the power into three oNo one is too powerful Federalism †¢The federal government can only do what it has specifically been given the power to do in the Constitution oDelegated powers by the states †¢Reserved powers are for the states and the peo ple oState rights The states gave the federal government power over the following areas oForeign affairs (treaties and relations with other countries) oDefense (defending the nation and declaring war) oMonetary policy oTrade (among states, between states and government, between the nation and other countries) Separation of powers †¢Breaking power into three oThe Executive (the President) oThe Legislative (Congress) oThe Judicial (Supreme Court) †¢Main idea – power could never be combined under one man oThreaten people and democracy The Founding Fathers created the system of checks and balances oEach of the branches can limit the power of two The Congress – legislative powers †¢Two â€Å"chambers† – the House of Representatives and the Senate †¢The smaller states were afraid of being controlled of the larger states †¢The number of representatives each state got in the House of Representatives was based on the population of the stat e †¢In the Senate, each state was given two representatives no matter how small or large †¢Congress has the power to: Pass laws (legislation) oLevy taxes oDecide how federal money is used †¢No one in the federal government gets paid nothing gets funded unless Congress has passed a â€Å"bill† approving the use of money †¢Members of the House of Representatives – Congressmen o435 members, all its members are elected every two years (democratic) †¢Members of the Senate – Senators o100 members, two from each state, elected for six years of the time (stable) †¢Checks on Congress oThe President can veto a bill by refusing to sign it The Supreme Court can declare laws â€Å"unconstitutional† The President – executive powers †¢The President is Head of State and represents the people of the US at home and abroad †¢The President is Chief Executive oHeads all federal organizations, has a â€Å"cabinet† with poli tical advisors †¢The President is Commander-in-Chief oHe is head of the armed forces of the only superpower in the world. Only Congress can declare war, but the President can ask Congress for the power to use â€Å"necessary force† †¢The President is Chief Diplomat Decides foreign and defense policy, appoints ambassadors, sets up embassies and negotiates treaties (only become law if two-thirds of the Senate approves) †¢The power of the President has increased since 1787, he leads three million people who work for this branch of the government †¢Checks on the President oThe Supreme Court can declare his actions unconstitutional oCongress can change or refuse to pass the legislation suggested by him oCongress can override a presidential veto with a two-third majority oCongress and Supreme Court can â€Å"impeach† the President (remove him) The Supreme Court – judicial powers Highest court in the land, all courts must accept its interpretation o f the law †¢States have their own laws and their own supreme courts, but if there is a conflict, the federal law overrides the state law (to make sure the law is applied the same way everywhere) †¢Decides what laws are in compliance and what laws are unconstitutional †¢A law that is unconstitutional is â€Å"null and void†, no longer valid †¢Nine members of the Supreme Court oNine to make sure it can’t split evenly oâ€Å"Justices† are appointed for life †¢Checks on the Supreme Court oCongress can change the Constitution Congress and the Supreme Court can â€Å"impeach† a Supreme Court Justice Checks and balances in action †¢Every year the President must submit a bill for federal budget to Congress †¢Congress never passes it as it is, both the House and the Senate make changes †¢If president gets a majority, he may then accept a compromise. He can refuse to sign the bill, and send it back to the Congress, both must a compromise Appointing a Supreme Court Justice †¢When a justice dies, the President nominates a judge to fill the seat †¢Since the President can choose someone he finds beneficial for the job, he Senate must first approve â€Å"ratify† the choice before the President can appoint a nominee †¢If it does not, the President must find someone else (checks and balances) Separation of powers – advantages and disadvantages †¢It has worked as intended †¢It has kept government under democratic control †¢When Richard Nixon broke the law (Watergate scandal) he was forced from office †¢On the other hand, when the President is a Democrat and Congress has a majority of Republicans (or vice versa), the division of powers can paralyze the political system †¢Some say it would’ve been better with a parliamentary democracy (the Congress chooses the President). We will write a custom essay sample on The American System of Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now In that way, the budget would always pass in congress †¢However, this would give the President a lot more power State government †¢American states are â€Å"real states† oThey make their own laws, collect their own taxes, have their own welfare systems, police forces, educational systems and so on †¢Most â€Å"governing† goes on at the state and local levels †¢Any American is bound to respect federal law, state law and local city and county law †¢Most states use the federal government as a model for their state government oAll have a written constitution All practice the separation of powers into three branches †¢The executive branch is headed by a Governor †¢The legislative branch is divided into two chambers (except Nebraska) †¢All states have a state supreme court and separate court systems †¢The 50 states are all different, and are looked at as 50 â€Å"laboratories of democracy†, which means that they come with ne w solutions to new and old problems †¢The US is proud to have an extremely large degree of local democracy and variation Advantages and disadvantages †¢Local democracy source of strength and innovation, but hard to govern †¢E. g. the school system. The President and Congress can have an opinion on what is best for the school systems, but they can’t order the states to adopt these measures, because education is a â€Å"state right† and not a federal responsibility †¢Variety inequality. Some states are rich, some are poor Political Parties in the United States The electoral system There are two basic things to keep in mind about the electoral system in America oAll federal and state elections are in single-seat election districts †¢Only one representative from each district will be elected oA candidate can win an election with either a majority of votes, or a plurality of votes †¢The winner is candidate C, because that candidate has a plurality of votes. â€Å"The winner takes it all†. The other votes are â€Å"wasted†. 85306 †¢If A and B goes t ogether and supports one candidate, that candidate could easily win with 60% of the votes †¢Problems: finding someone they both support The US only has two parties: The Democrats and the Republicans. Both are giant coalitions of wildly different political groups. Shooting for the center †¢Both parties are coalitions neither party presents a very clear political profile †¢A clear ideology would send away some interest groups, weakening the party †¢Both parties are vague about what they stand for †¢No one wants to come out with strong ideological statements that might scare away any voters, because to win you have to win the votes of the electorate, which basically is divided into two The Democratic Party (donkey) †¢Supports stronger federal authority, more liberal, willing to use government in the service of the people at the expense of â€Å"states’ rights† †¢Wants to involve the federal government in shaping American society (more than the Republicans), reducing the gap between rich/poor †¢Support welfare programs more strongly than Republicans †¢Taxes are a resource that can be wisely used †¢Have support in large cities and states on the coasts The Republican Party (GOP, the elephant) More conservative party, support state rights and resist a large role for the federal government †¢Wants to give a great deal of free play to market economy and are opposed to government regulations of the economy †¢Lower level of taxation †¢Every-man-for-himself tradition, are suspicious of welfare systems †¢Have support in the Midwest and the south and among businesspeople Democrats and Republicans †¢Some Democrats are more conservative than Republicans and some Republicans are more liberal than Democrats. †¢Different histories and tradition Serious political consequences the Republicans have grown more powerful because conservative southerners have left the democrats Advantages and disadvantages of a two-party system †¢Gives a stable foundation to build on †¢Forces the parties to look for voter support from the center of American politics, encouraging moderation, an agreement, a â€Å"consensus† †¢The two-party system helps create such broad agreement †¢Wastes votes of millions who vote for candidates who are not elected oUndermines democracy †¢No directions other than leading the country Blocks new ideas and movements (they are drawn into the coalitions) Interest Groups and Lobbyists †¢Joining or supporting a political party is not the only way to influence the political process in America †¢A more direct route INTEREST GROUPS oPolitical orga nizations which seek to influence government policy about one specific issue or related set of issues oCompromise without being part of one of the great party coalitions oCan be more straightforward, aggressive and ideological PACs †¢Political Action Committee Organized specifically to elect (or defeat) politicians or to promote legislation †¢Collects contributions and use them to support or oppose candidates oHard money goes directly to the candidates oSoft money pays for campaigns in various ways Lobbyists †¢Interest groups make use of lobbyists who try to persuade individual politicians to support the interests they represent. They have recently become more active (16 00034000) †¢Can be done in many ways: Taking them out for dinner, paying their way to conferences and seminars, finding jobs for their relatives and so on †¢Lobbyists are found near the centers of power. Spent 2. 4 billion in 2005 Advantages and disadvantages †¢Make the citizens politically active †¢They show that the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly are being put to good use †¢Some worry about the increasing role of interest groups oWeakened political parties? oSplits the electorate up in warring groups? †¢Another reason for concern is the skyrocketing expense of getting elected †¢Senate campaigns costs minimum 3 million dollars, rising to 10 million in big states †¢House of Representatives: 1 million dollars every two years oA great deal of the money comes from lobbyists Electing a President †¢To major stages in the election process oDeciding nominees for candidates for President and Vice President oElecting President and Vice President †¢Primaries winner national convention nomination Vice President/platform campaign election (people) election (electoral college) President The nomination race †¢Exhausting process †¢January June: Primaries are held in most states oChoosing a party nominee †¢Earlier they were chosen by state party conventions Not good, because they ended up being controlled by a party elite †¢Decided to choose nominees by a special state-wide election †¢Protects the public from the leadership of its own political parties †¢Primaries are held at different times in different states and often with different rules †¢Each party emerges with a man or a woman as winner in each of the states holding a primary oWinner is the state’s delegates at the party’s national convention †¢As the primaries proceed, the number of persons running for the nomination is gradually reduced to two or three per party †¢Failure losing support †¢Succeed momentum and fresh funding Earlier the primary season was longer, and that gave relatively unknown candidates the chance to gain support oExample: Jimmy Carter †¢Recently, primaries are held earlier and earlier oNo point in holding a state primary after other primary elections have already determined which candidate has a majority of delegates at the national party convention †¢Held as early as possible, on the same day in several states †¢This favors well-known candidates with a lot of money who can campaign in several states †¢Ironically, the money comes from powerful special interests, forces primaries were created to avoid Tickets and platforms Late August/early September, a national convention is held in a major city †¢A party chooses its final candidate for President †¢Used to be an exciting event (unknown who would become candidate) †¢These days, the results are almost always already decided from the primaries †¢The nomination is â€Å"ritual†, with balloons and speeches and cheering crowds †¢However, a good deal of interest is still connected to the choosing of a party â€Å"ticket† and the creation of a party â€Å"platform†. †¢The party ticket is the team of candidates running for President and Vice President †¢The choice of Vice President is up to the President Often a secret until the presidential nomination is accepted †¢A BALANCED TICKET, to reach a broad section of the electorate oCandidate from South, other one from North/West oCandidate is woman, other one is a man oCandidate is conservative, other one is liberal oCandidate is inexperienced, other one is a seasoned politician or statesman †¢All interests can’t be balanced in two people, but an effort is made †¢Once the tick et is clear, the two sit down with the party leadership and write a party platform oThe team will run for election Party platform closest thing to an ideological statement †¢It consists of political statements or promises which together make the party’s political program †¢They differ from year to year and election to election, addresses the different issues of the day and incorporate with new political trends †¢They want to meet the expectations of as wide a group of voters as possible oFuzzy and broad, both parties promise the same things The election and the Electoral College †¢Finally there is the actual election †¢Serious campaigning starts in September and lasts until voting day, the first Tuesday in November †¢The candidates travel all over the country, speaks at meetings, takes part in official debates, appears on TV, gaining recommendations from important people, TV-ads, press releases, e-mails, books, pamphlets and etc †¢Expensive, in 1996 it amounted together 448. million dollars. In 2008 it doubled to over 1 billion dollars, 500 million dollars on each. †¢The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the popular vote †¢They are elected indirectly by a majority of the electoral votes cast by the nation’s fifty states system †¢The 41 days comes from the old days (1787), when it was a lot harder to travel around. Most people didn’t know who the candidates were, but they trusted someone in town. Votes were cast for these men as electors from each state. They assembled, discussed the candidates, and sent their decision to Washington D. C. †¢The candidate who had won a majority of the popular vote in a state got all the electoral votes in the state (Winner takes it all) The Electoral College †¢Each state is given a number of electors equal to its presentation in Congress oTwo Senators + a varied number of Congress man †¢D. C. , which belongs to no state has three electors The number of electoral votes is equal to: o435 congressmen o100 senators o3 from the District of Columbia †¢538 electoral votes †¢To win the Presidential election a candidate must have a majority of these votes, that is 269+1 = 270 votes. †¢It is possible for a President to be elected with a majority of the votes in the Electoral College while having a minority of the popular vote nationwide. oSmall states are over-represented in the Electoral College How to cite The American System of Government, Essay examples

Bullying In Nursing-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Bullying in Nursing. Answer: Define the professional issue Bullying can be defined as the recurrent, unwanted harmful actions intended to humiliate, offend as well as cause the distress in the recipient. Bullying in nursing can have extensive adverse effects on nurses at work and hence actions are needed in urgent terms to deal with this destructive conduct or behavior. It remains a serious issues which threatens patient safety, registered nurse and the entire nursing professionals. Forty-five percent of the nurses have either been verbally bullied or harassed by other nurses whereas forty-one have been harassed or bullied by their managers or administrators based on RNnetwork survey. Albeit the hurdle in being the objective of the venting of the co-worker, it is classified as the workplace violence, bullying has been effected through three main components: Bullying is targeted, it is meant to trigger harm and it takes place over time. Certain kinds of mistreatment or unkind behavior or acts on job can really be categorized as incivility, yet not essentially bullying. Such act include eye rolling, disrespect, gossip or generally, unfriendliness. A great percentage of bullying is nurse-to-nurse, however, other healthcare staff can further be bullies: the nursing assistant who has been on unit for forty years can target the novel registered nurse, or the unit secretariats who victimize a given nurse (Tarkan 2013). Most nurses are bullied by other nurses, and a great share frequently face verbal abuse. Some study carried out in December 2006 by Cole Edmondson about workplace violence against nurses unraveled that eighty-two of the Texas nurses who were surveyed had experienced workplace violence that ranged from verbal abuse to physical acts. It was further added that bullying could target cohort and individuals and remains actually a group phenomenon: 1 unit taking out their aggressions on another unit, or the nurses on a particular unit bullying novel hires or novel graduates. Nurses in certain areas or specialties cold perceive or believe they are superior or even better than another given unit or specialty and hence degrade them, their care, education or even specialty as a whole. Discuss the significance of your chosen professional issue to nursing Bullying in nursing remains a significance issue in nursing profession. Bullying is never merely detrimental to the person being targeted. Bullying for example could lead to one nurse withholding information from another and hence causes the nurse to make a mistake with the patient. Also, yelling at one nurse or even criticizing him in front of the patient will potentially harm the patient care (Murray 2009). A nurse who is treated in a manner that is making him feel badly will stop the flow of the information. When nurses are never freely communicating with the members of the healthcare team, it will eventually impact outcomes. In both literature and practice, it is known that bullying among nurse eventually influences the quality and safety of the patient care being provided. Studies have shown that 75% of the nurses state that they in knowledge of errors in patient care or even issues established when nurse bullying takes place. A great portion of the organizations have decided to take the journey to Magnet destinations to work on the improvement of nurse work environment, empowering the nurses as well as creating excellent outcomes. The bullying must be tackled at each level to ensure that the safety and security of both nurses and patients are guaranteed to ensure minimal errors which goes into the core heart of treatment and hence the recovery process. Discuss how your chosen professional issue impacts on patient safety The patient safety is greatly influence by bullying. For example, a nurse who is being bullying cannot offer effective care and even treatment. The nurses who feel that they are never safe and secure have cannot give the right healthcare delivery to the patients. The patients will be dealt a big blow as the nurses will be disrupted and this goes deep into mental disruption and even feeling of valueless in the organization. The nurses who are looked down upon cannot feel that their inputs are appreciated and hence will definitely be less productive. The quality of care will greatly be hampered. The aspects central to quality of care for the patient encompass effective teamwork and communication alongside a collaborative work environment. Bullying leads to disruptive and corrosive impact behavior which is great magnification in the healthcare sector (Etienne 2014). Hence, a dysfunctional team environment will invariably lead to errors and preventable adverse outcome. Bullying culture will led to demoralized workforce working the caring profession making patients to suffer extremely. Bullying will also lead to changes on nurses perception of the employer and thus decreasing nurse commitment to the organization which trickles down to hurt the patients. The nurses will not be retained and hence the commitment of the nurses to their patient will be greatly lowered leading to prolonged recovery process. Strategies to minimize It is time to take a stand on bullying. Some healthcare institutions are increasingly facing bullying head on, whereas others are decreasing the bullying incidence via cultivation of particular culture to deal with bullying. Organizations with caring cultures which adhere to the code of ethics as well as practice shared governance have reported lower incidence of the perceived bullying. These institutions would experience less grievances overall sine staff feel increasingly valued (Lieber 2010). The leadership must handle bullying by empowering nurses and other workers via the policies and procedures, making them more aware that bullying is never an acceptable behavior. One reason why bullying endures is that frequently those who experiences or suspect the adverse conduct or behavior look the other way or even decline to become engaged. Nurses can and need to stop the malicious pattern to take a stand on bullying. This means that any nurse who sees a co-worker being bullied, must step in and say wait a minute- time out. Such interventions is significant and will greatly decrease bullying. Characteristically, no one is speaking up and this is making bullying to blossom at a terrifying speed. The number on most powerful behavior is the witness to speak up assertively and support the person is being targeted. Instead of turning away, the witness must reach out to the fellow who is the target of the bully (Spector, Zhou and Che 2014). This is in essence means that nurses can all be upstanders when they intervene in situation and reaching out to the peers who are the targets of bully. These contexts do not merely halt when the bullying conduct or behavior is over. They have lasting impacts on the mental health as well as ones feelings of security and safety. As the nurses learn to identify as well as confront the harmful behaviors towards themselves alongside coworkers, the workplace violence, encompassing bullying of the nurses, shall never be allowed to endure. Nurses as well as patients shall be safer as well as secure. Nurses should be a proactive when being bullied. Based on stopbullyingtoolkit.org fact sheet, twenty-one percent of nurses exit their work because of the incivility as well as bullying. Thus instead of becoming a part of this cohort of nurses exiting their work, the problem has to be confronted at each level across the institution. It establishes an untenable context for the nurses as well as the ones who witnesses it, including visitors and patients. Where a nurse feels she or he is being bullied, it is imperative to let the bully know how such a behavior makes her feel. The nurses should always think of themselves as professionals with the primary goal of being educated regarding the bullying as well as how to handles this unwarranted behavior. Nurses must always pause as well as take the deep breath and act professionally by not letting the bullying situation trigger their decompensation. The practice of self-awareness, observing how the context is provoking an emotional reactions is always recommended. Where a nurse is comfortable doing so, he can address it straight with the person. Where this is never feasible, there is a need to practice a reaction or response using role play on her own or with a peer. Where the nurse is never comfortable with such a direct approach or if the direct deliberation is never working, the nurse needs to report to the manager, supervisor or even preceptor. Where the manager is the problem, the nurse must reach out for support of someone else, like educator or someone in human resources (Seibel, 2014). The nurse must find out the policy of the organization which address the behavior which undermine a culture of safety and hence ensure he is clear on how the individual has violated such a policy. Then the nurse must document the experiences with such person. The nurses must always document the context: what took place, who said what and who witnessed the incident. Documenting needs to take place immediately because ones impression as well as memories are frequently less clear over time. The new nurses are an effortless target for bullies, because they are novel. Prevention of bullying among the novel nurses begins with the job hunt, so novel nurses must do their homework regarding healthcare organization to which they are making an application. They must check whether the organization have caring culture, a code of ethics, policies as well as procedure well documented and put in place. The applicants must check whether the organization has a shared governance and if yes, the nurses must check the likelihood of bullying is probably lower (Johnson and Trad 2014). The applicants must be aware of the toxicity of certain units by asking right questions in the interview process like how scheduling conflicts are handled. It remains a positive sign where the unit nursing staff are integral part of the interviewing process because it indicates the organization is empowering the staff to make rational decisions regarding colleagues (Wright and Khatri 2015). The interviewee must ask if the organization has policies and procedures for the violence and proceed to look at their orientation especially what the organization is doing to guarantee healthy work environment. The organization must as well practice prevention personality by knowing what bullies look for in the target (Dunn 2000). Bullies are looking for nurses who they do not think shall confront or challenge them, who appear insecure or even nervous, who are passive communicators, anything which makes them different. References Dunn, K. 2000. Bullying in the Workplace Often Goes Unnoticed. Workforce, 79(4), 28-29. Etienne, E., 2014. Exploring workplace bullying in nursing. Workplace health safety, 62(1), pp.6-11. Johnson, J., and Trad, M. (2014). Bullying Behavior Among Radiation Therapists and Its Effects on Personal Health. Radiation Therapist, 23(1). Lieber, L. D. 2010. How workplace bullying affects the bottom line. Employment Relations Today, 37(3), 91-101. Murray, J.S. 2009. Workplace Bullying in Nursing: A Problem That Cant Be Ignored. MEDSURG Nursing, 18 (5), pp. 273-276. Seibel, M., 2014. For us or against us? Perceptions of faculty bullying of students during undergraduate nursing education clinical experiences. Nurse education in practice, 14(3), pp.271-274. Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., and Che, X. X. 2014. Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84. Tarkan, L. 2013. How to cope with bullying in the workplace. Retrieved from: https://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/04/25/how-to-cope-with-bullying-in-workplace/ Wright, W. and Khatri, N., 2015. Bullying among nursing staff: Relationship with psychological/behavioral responses of nurses and medical errors. Health care management review, 40(2), pp.139-147.